Beowulf Embodies Heroic Ideals Essay - 715 Words

In Beowulf the classic epic, Beowulf, the hero of the epic, and other major characters reflect heroic ideals and beliefs of courage, generosity, unquestioning loyalty and devotion. Courage is most evident throughout Beowulf Beowulf does not back down from any challenge that stands in his way whether it be Grendel, Grendel’s mother, or the dragon. His bravery is most evident in his preparation for his fight with Grendel, Beowulf, â€Å"took off his shirt of armour, the helmet from his head, handed his embellished sword, best of irons to an attendant,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He chose to bravely fight his foe, man to beast without weaponery for he knew it would be â€Å"cowardly† to defeat Grendel with a sword and armor when Grendel himself had none. Even in his†¦show more content†¦Beowulf’s men show unquestioning loyalty as they submit their lives to their lord. The night of Beowulf’s fight with Grendel, the men are told by Beowulf to sleep (in the mead hall) and they bravely do, showing immense trust and devotion as they are aware of that they could very well increase their chance of dying when Grendel attacks if they follow as Beowulf instructs (to sleep as opposed to standing guard through the night). Beowulf remains loyal to King Hrothgar and as he promised to purge the mead hall of its murderous foes, he fulfills his pledge by killing not only Grendel, but also Grendel’s mother. Beowulf in turn is also loyal to his men as he states to King Hrothgar, â€Å"†¦if I at your need I should go from life, you would always be in a father’s place for me when I am gone: be guardian of my young retainers, my companions, if battle should take me.† Nor does Beowulf forget his king as he also requests that Hrothgar send the rewarded treasures and gifts to Hygelac if Grendel’s mother defeats him. Wiglaf, portrayed as the only worthy one of Beowulf’s company that joined him at his battle with the dr agon, also showed loyalty in his aiding his Beowulf in fighting the dragon (as others cowardly shy away from the fight) and followed Beowulf’s instructions for carrying out his funeral and other processions after Beowulf’s death, and in his speech to the people heShow MoreRelatedHow Beowulf Does Not Embody The Heroic Ideal Of The Anglo Saxons943 Words   |  4 PagesOctober 22, 2015 Beowulf Essay 1) Explore the ways in which Beowulf does and does not embody the heroic ideal of the Anglo-Saxons. Beowulf is an epic hero from the Anglo-Saxon period, who takes on a great deal of challenges and adventures. The character Beowulf embodies the virtues of the Anglo-Saxon culture and beliefs. He incorporate the traits of Anglo-Saxon society with strength, bravery, honor, and the desire to help the helpless. In the beginning of the book, Beowulf travels to help theRead MoreBeowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight897 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Middle Ages, two poems, Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight embody heroic figures. Beowulf, who demonstrates all the characteristics of an ideal hero, is faced with physical and moral challenges that no other man could face during his existence. Beowulf was not only looking to become a hero, he wanted to reveal the importance of establishing identity. However, Beowulf was not the only hero during this time period. Sir Gawain also participates in challenges that define his characterRead MoreAnalysis Of Beowulf As A Heroic Epic779 Words   |  4 Pagesheroistic ideals are sometimes the basis of a society. The Anglo-Saxon people are a prime example of the previous statement. In Anglo-Saxon culture, being called a hero was an honor. Heroes were treated like kings. 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These characteristics are certain ones that helpRead More Comparing the Hero in Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight921 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf and Sir Gawain – True Heroes Heroes come in many forms. The construction of the heroic has taken many forms, yet traits such as: courage, honor, and loyalty, reappear as themes throughout the hero personality. The characters of Beowulf and Sir Gawain each represent a version of a hero, yet each comes across quite differently in their story. A hero can be said to truly win if he remains constant to his noble values when put in any situation that crosses his way. When measured by that

Management and Business Context Retail Company

Question: Describe about the Management and Business Context for Retail Company. Answer: Overview of Woolworths Woolworths operates as an effective supermarket retail company based in Australia that services the needs of customers related to grocery, fresh food and meat products and also non-food products. Macro Environmental Analysis of Woolworths The retail business of Woolworths is significantly affected by the government and regulatory policies concerning trading hours of the retail establishments, use of plastic and other recycled bags, pricing practices to be used and also the tax reforms generated in the region. Woolworths also generates potential income related to dividends and union dues to the different political parties (Leslie, 2009). The global deflation in food prices had contributed in generating price deflations by 2.9 percent during the periods ranging 2012-13. The sales of liquor and supermarket products by Woolworths had increased by around 4.9 percent during the periods ranging 2011-12. Further, Woolworths through the opening of a large number of petrol stations gained an increase of sales by 11.4 percent (Niininen, 2012). Woolworths focuses on conducting consumer oriented retailing through the generation of seasonal produces like fruits and vegetables. The seasonal food products are kept at controlled temperatures all along the year and also generated in an artificial manner for helping in meeting of consumer demands. Woolworths focuses on enhancing the effectiveness of its retail stores through the incorporation of Point-of-Sales (POS) systems and also the use of effective Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software, SAP. The use of SAP potentially contributes in tracking the movement of retail merchandises along the distribution and store outlets, the function of which is further enhanced based on integrating SAP with POS systems (Bryson, 2011). Woolworths is observed to have faced a penalty amount of $3 million owing to the sales of faulty and unsafe private brand products that in turn affected potential customers. The judgment that was passed required the retailer to sell safe food products and also to withdraw and recall the faulty food products from the market (Cameron Green, 2012). Woolworths focuses on the generation of carbon footprint that focuses on reducing the level of carbon emissions from its retail, distribution and logistics operations. The retail institution sets targets regarding reduction of emission levels of carbon and other greenhouses gases from its diverse units and functionaries (Collier, 2013). Micro Environmental Analysis of Woolworths Woolworths focuses on addressing the consumer power of its target customer groups through not only the generation of organic produces all along the year but also focusing on the development of the omnichannel platform for helping the consumers gain a seamless retailing experience. The retail company has teamed up with Genesys for developing an effective contact point with its retail consumer base (Garland, 2009). Woolworths counters its supplier power through the sustaining of effective relationships with potential suppliers for the gaining of fresh and quality oriented produces and fresh products. The retail institution has set up an effective benchmark that contributes in evaluating the quality sourced from the different suppliers. Woolworths based on the conducting of online trading focuses on generation of substitute products for the products demanded by the customers in cases where the ordered product is out-of-stock. The substitute products that are arranged by Woolworths are either of same or equal value (Gopalkrishnan, 2014). Woolworths faces considerable competition from Coles and the discount retailer Aldi in the retail market of Australia. The intensification of the rivalry has required Woolworths for closing down around 17 outlets spread along the region. The existence of faulty strategic planning initiatives has increased the level of threat for the domestic retailers from the large scale expansion activities of foreign retailers in the region (Rozkwitalska, 2012). The increased threat of entry of foreign players has required the traditional retailers to shut down their brick-and-mortar outlets and develop an online platform for helping in reaching a larger section of consumers (Jenner, 2011). Application of the McKinseys 7S Framework on Woolworths Woolworths focuses on generation of products at low price points to counter its rivals while also has developed an effective online presence for reaching its products to a large range of customers. Moreover, it focuses to operate based on a lean and customer oriented retail strategy (Bhatia Kaur, 2014). Woolworths operates on a simpler structure that conducts its business through establishment of large number of retail outlets across different petrol stations. Further, Woolworths also operates through a section of specialized employees that provide needed support to franchised retail outlets operating in different parts of international markets like South Africa (Kerzner, 2013). Woolworths, in recent times has focused on the incorporation of different types of technological systems like Point-of-Sales (POS) and other inventory management and ERP based systems that contribute in effective management and flow of stocks across the distribution and retail outlets (Ongori Nzonzo, 2011). Woolworths focuses on generating the right quality and style of the food and non-food products. It also focuses on generating effective value to the customers. Woolworths generates increased importance in providing quality services to customers (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013). The retail institution also focuses on fostering creativity and innovation relating to the different types of retail services offered by it. It also aims in meeting the objectives of sustainability and promoting energy efficiency along its retail and distribution centres (Cameron Green, 2012). Woolworths generates continual training to promote skill development of its staffs involved both in retail operations and official duties. The management style of Woolworths is evaluated to be autocratic and authoritarian in nature. It thus reduces the collaboration of middle and junior level managers in taking business decisions (Kapur, 2014). Woolworths operates on a total of 19,000 staffs that are effectively allocated along the different retail stores, distribution centres and offices. The staffs provide needed services in sourcing quality products at affordable prices and also in servicing the emerging needs of customers (Jenner, 2011). Application of the SWOT and TOWS Matrix SWOT Strength Woolworths operates as a market leader in the grocery and food retail industry of Australia. It effectively conducts its retail business through synchronizing human and technological resources along with quality food and grocery products. Weakness Woolworths suffers owing to restricted or limited expansion to both regional and international markets. Opportunities The development of its omnichannel platform with also growing consumer demand related to online purchases of food and grocery products provides increased opportunities for Woolworths to develop its retail presence in the region. Threats Woolworths gains significant threat from its nearest competitor Coles operating in the Australian retail market. Moreover, the business of Woolworths also is increasingly governed by government interventions and regulatory paradigms. Global Risks Confronting Woolworths The different types of risks confronting Woolworths are outlined as follows. -Reduction in the pace of market growth -Emergence of discount retailers in Australia -Reduction in the level of staff morale related to the stores and distribution centres. Risk Assessment Matrix Reduction in Pace of Market Growth Rare Unlikely Possible Likely Almost Certain Severe Low Low High Extreme Extreme Major Low Low High Extreme Extreme Moderate Low Low Medium High High Minor Low Low Low Low Low Minimal Low Low Low Low Low Emergence of Discount Retailers Rare Unlikely Possible Likely Almost Certain Severe Low Low High Extreme Extreme Major Low Low High Extreme Extreme Moderate Low Low Medium High High Minor Low Low Low Low Low Minimal Low Low Low Low Low Reduction in level of Staff Morale Rare Unlikely Possible Likely Almost Certain Severe Low Low Medium High High Major Low Low Medium High High Moderate Low Low Medium Medium High Minor Low Low Low Low Low Minimal Low Low Low Low Low Business Model Canvas of Woolworths Woolworths focuses on gaining revenue both from purchases made by customers and also through charges levied on suppliers. Further, supermarkets like Woolworths also focus on gaining on in cash margins based on selling large merchandise volumes (Olsen Martins, 2012). It also focuses on generating effective customer services based on its operation conducted through retail, back office and distribution outlets (Kircher Jain, 2013). References Bhatia, A., Kaur, L. (2014). Global Training Development trends Practices: An Overview. International Journal of Emerging Research in Management Technology , 3 (8), 75-78. Bryson, J. M. (2011). Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations: A Guide to Strengthening and Sustaining Organizational Achievement. United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2012). Making Sense of Change Management: A Complete Guide to the Models Tools and Techniques of Organizational Change. United States: Kogan Page Publishers. Collier, M. (2013). eBay Business All-in-One For Dummies. John Wiley Sons. Garland, R. (2009). Project Governance: A Practical Guide to Effective Project Decision Making. United States: Kogan Page Publishers. Gopalkrishnan, J. G. (2014). eBay: The worlds largest online marketplace- A Case Study. Conference on Global Competition Competitiveness of Indian Corporate. Jenner, S. (2011). Management of portfolios. United States: The Stationery Office. Kapur, V. (2014). The 21st Century CIO -- Leading IT Transformation in a Quantum Change Environment. Cognizants Business Consulting group. Kerzner, H. R. (2013). Project Management Metrics, KPIs, and Dashboards: A Guide to Measuring and Monitoring Project Performance. United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons. Kircher, M., Jain, P. (2013). Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture, Patterns for Resource Management. United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons'. Leslie, B. ( 2009). Excellence in Advertising. Routledge. Niininen, O. (2012). Marketing Principles. Cengage Learning. Olsen, J. E., Martins, L. L. (2012). Understanding organizational diversity management programs: A theoretical framework and directions for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 33 (8), 1168-1187. Ongori, H., Nzonzo, J. C. (2011). TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES IN AN ORGANISATION: AN INTERVENTION TO ENHANCE ORGANISATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS. International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences , 2 (4), 187-198. Podsiadlowski, A., Grschke, D., Kogler, M. (2013). Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 37, 159-175. Rozkwitalska, M. (2012). Accepted and strong organisational culture in multinational corporations . Journal of Intercultural Management , 4 (3), 5-14.

Richard Lederers English Is a Crazy Language free essay sample

The use of these techniques makes the entire paragraph more entertaining and easy to read and let the readers know how important the English language is. At the beginning of paragraph 6, the first sentence, â€Å"Language is like the air we breathe†(160), is an example of simile. In this sentence, we can find the word â€Å"like†, and if there is an explicit comparison between two things using like, it is the signal of simile. In this sentence, the author states the importance of language in a very effective way. The author uses air to describe language, as we all know, air is the most important element in our life, which we cannot live without. Since language is just like air, which means language is all around us and we also cannot live without it. In case some readers cannot understand it, the author explains why language is just like air in the second sentence. We will write a custom essay sample on Richard Lederers English Is a Crazy Language or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"It’s invisible, inescapable, indispensable, and we take it for granted†(160). As we can see, the second sentence is combined with three related words: invisible, inescapable and indispensable, which are all adjectives and demonstrates parallelism. The author considers these three words as the characteristics if language; however, these words can also be used to describe air. Paraphrase the author’s sentence in my own words language is indiscernible, unavoidable and essential. Although the meanings are the same, the author’s sentence is stronger. The use of alliteration is the author’s secret. Each of these word starts with â€Å"in†, which makes the whole sentence more strength and entertaining. It is definitely an impressive way to write sentence in this way. If one wants to make one’s essay more entertaining instead of a dull article one can uses rhetorical techniques, which can make the whole essay more interesting and easy to read. In the second part of paragraph 6 the author uses parallelism as the main rhetorical techniques. In the second part of paragraph 6, Lederer uses many different examples to emphasize how paradoxical and complex English is. â€Å"Hot dog can be cold, darkrooms can be lit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (160). All of these brief phrases are related with each other in a same structure. If a sentence is written in this kind of structure, it is also considered as a parallelism. The most interesting thing is that the author also writes all of these small phrases in a paradoxical way, which well explain the complex of English and the use of the rhetorical technique of repetition also makes the whole sentence more strength. This kind of combination helps the readers to understand the author’s main idea more easily and an entertaining sentence is not only a good way to influence the readers but also a good way to catch the readers’ eyes. In the last sentence, â€Å"And doesn’t it seem at least a little bizarre that we go to the bathroom in order to go to the bathroom†(160). The author uses a new type of rhetorical technique, which is called a rhetorical question. Rhetorical questions end with a question mark under normal circumstances, and the answer is always hidden in the sentence. In this case, Lederer asks if the English is weird. The answer is and only can be yes, English is weird. The rhetorical question is a very interesting method, which can makes the whole paragraph more interesting and lets the readers to think more. However, it is not easy for one to use rhetorical question in a completely correct way. Rhetorical question is a very tricky skill and difficult to grasp, but if one can perfectly handle this skill, it is definitely a great advantage. Rhetoric is the study of how writers and speakers use words to influence the audience, just like â€Å"English Is a Crazy Language,† the use of rhetorical techniques makes it very remarkable and impressive. The rhetorical techniques are not only the art of word but also a good way to make your essay more perfect. As students, we can also use the rhetorical techniques to make the essay more outstanding.

An Introduction to Rogerian (Person-Centered) Therapy

An Introduction to Rogerian (Person-Centered) Therapy Rogerian therapy, created by Carl Rogers, is a therapeutic technique in which the client  takes an active, autonomous role in therapy sessions. It is based on the idea that the client knows what is best, and that the therapist’s role is to  facilitate  an environment in which the client can bring about positive change. Rogerian therapy is sometimes called  nondirective  therapy because of the autonomy given to the client. The client, not the therapist, decides what is discussed. As Rogers  explained, â€Å"It is the client who knows what hurts, what directions to go, what problems are crucial, what experiences have been deeply buried.† Overview of Rogerian Therapy Carl Rogers believed that all people have the capability to bring about positive change in their lives. He developed person-centered (or Rogerian) therapy as a technique for giving clients greater autonomy in therapy sessions.  Rogers’ approach to psychotherapy is considered humanistic  because it focuses on individuals positive potential.   In Rogerian therapy, the therapist typically refrains from offering advice or making a formal diagnosis. Instead, the primary role of the therapist is to listen and restate  what the client says. Rogerian therapists try  to refrain from offering their own interpretation of events or from making explicit suggestions about dealing with a situation. For example, if a  client reported feeling stressed about the fact that a coworker was receiving credit for a project the client worked on, the Rogerian therapist  might say, â€Å"So, it sounds like you’re upset because your boss isn’t recognizing your contributions.† In this way, the Rogerian therapist attempts to give the client an environment to explore their own thoughts and feelings and decide for themselves how to bring about positive change. Key Components of Rogerian Therapy According to Rogers, successful psychotherapy  always has  three key components: Empathy. Rogerian therapists attempt to develop  an empathic understanding of their clients thoughts and feelings. When the therapist has an accurate understanding of the client’s thoughts and restates what the client says, the client is able to figure out the meaning of his or her own experiences.Congruence. Rogerian therapists strive for congruence; that is, being self-aware, genuine, and authentic in their interactions with clients.Unconditional positive regard. Rogerian therapists show compassion and acceptance towards the client. The therapist should strive to be nonjudgmental and accept the client non-contingently (in other words, their acceptance of the client doesn’t depend on what the client says or does). Rogers Later Work In 1963, Rogers began working  at the Western Behavioral Sciences Institute in La Jolla, California. Later, he co-founded the Center for Studies of the Person, an organization that is still active today. In California, Rogers worked on applying his ideas outside of traditional therapy settings. For example, he wrote about education in Freedom to Learn: A View of What Education Might Become, published in 1969. Rogers supported student-centered  learning:  an educational atmosphere in which students are able to pursue their interests, rather than passively absorbing a teachers lecture. Rogers also applied his ideas about empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard to political conflicts. He led â€Å"encounter groups† between groups in conflict, in the hope that his therapy techniques could  improve political relationships. He led encounter groups in South Africa during apartheid, and between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland. Rogers’ work earned him praise from Jimmy Carter and a nomination for the  Nobel Peace Prize. Influence of Rogerian Therapy Today Carl Rogers died in 1987, but his work continues  to have an enormous influence on psychotherapists. Many therapists  incorporate elements of client-centered therapy in their practices today, particularly through the  eclectic approach, in which they may combine several types of therapy into one session. Importantly, the essential components of therapy that Rogers put forward (empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard) can be employed by any therapist, regardless of their specific approach to therapy. Today, therapists recognize that an effective relationship between client and therapist (called the therapeutic alliance or therapeutic rapport) is key for successful therapy. Rogerian Therapy Key Takeaways Carl Rogers developed a form of psychotherapy called client-centered therapy, or person-centered therapy.In client-centered therapy, the client leads the therapy session, and the therapist serves as a facilitator, often restating  back what the client has said.The therapist strives to have an empathic understanding of the client, have congruence (or authenticity) in the therapy session, and communicate unconditional positive regard for the client.Outside of psychology, Rogers  applied his ideas to the areas of education and international conflict. Sources â€Å"Carl Rogers (1902-1987).† GoodTherapy.org (2015, July 6). https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/carl-rogers.htmlâ€Å"Client-Centered Therapy.† Harvard Health Publishing: Harvard Mental Health Letter (2006, Jan.). https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/Client-centered_therapyJoseph, Stephen. â€Å"Why Carl Rogers Person-Centered Approach Is Still Relevant.† Psychology Today Blog (2018, Apr. 15). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/what-doesnt-kill-us/201804/why-carl-rogers-person-centered-approach-is-still-relevantKirschenbaum, Howard. â€Å"Carl Rogerss Life and Work: An Assessment on the 100th Anniversary of His Birth.† Journal of Counseling Development 82.1 (2004): 116-124. http://potentiality.org/drjwilcoxson/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/Person-Centered-theory-Carl-Rogers-100-yerars-Literature-Review-2.pdfâ€Å"Person-Centered Therapy.† Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapy-types/person-cente red-therapyâ€Å"Person-Centered Therapy (Rogerian Therapy).† GoodTherapy.org (2018, Jan. 17). https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/types/person-centered Rogers, Carl R. â€Å"The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change.† Journal of Consulting Psychology  21.2 (1957): 95-103. http://docshare02.docshare.tips/files/7595/75954550.pdfSarkis, Stephanie. â€Å"6 Amazing Things Carl Rogers Gave Us.† Psychology Today Blog (2011, Jan. 8). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/here-there-and-everywhere/201101/6-amazing-things-carl-rogers-gave-us

Why We Need The Exclusionary Rule Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Why We Need The Exclusionary Rule - Term Paper Example It is widely agreed that evidence needs to be credible for it to be accepted by the courts. Undoubtedly, the credibility of the evidence is greatly influenced by the modes of its collection. In this regard, it cannot be disputed that police procedures play a significant role in determining the credibility of the given evidence. One of the procedural factors that have raised controversies in the recent past pertains to the role of the exclusionary rule in collection of evidence. This paper provides an in depth analysis of whether we need the exclusionary rule or not. In order to enhance justice by ensuring that evidence employed in courts from the police is credible, we do need the exclusionary rule. Thesis Statement In order to enhance justice by ensuring that evidence employed in courts from the police is credible, we do need the exclusionary rule. Background Information The exclusionary rule is anchored on the provisions of the Fifth Amendment. Basically, it postulates that objects used by the courts as evidence are not credible if they are obtained without a legitimate search warrant or illegally. The constitutional roots of this rule date back to the Gouled vs United States case of 1921. In this case, the Supreme Court maintained that although the government had a legal right to seize contraband; it did not have a right to seize property for the sole purpose of using the same as evidence (Josephson, 2009). Of course, there are certain instances where the evidence obtained from warrantless police searches is acceptable or admissible in the courts of law. Specific instances in this regard include searches conducted in airports, in cases where something is considered as a plain view, when police officers are effecting a lawful arrest or when the officers lack sufficient time to obtain a warrant of arrest. In the later, delays in effecting the arrest can have adverse impacts on the evidence. Issues relating to Exclusionary Rule The exclusionary rule plays an im portant role of preventing the police from violating the fundamental rights as well liberties of the members of the public. Warrants are official documents that are issued by judges whenever they deem it necessary to search the premises in a bid to recover or obtain important evidence. Certainly, they are issued when the respective judges believe that evidence can be found within the indicated premises. Besides enabling the police to recover critical evidence, the rule ensures that the holistic well-being of the Americans is safeguarded as it was proved in the case of Langdon v. People, 133 Illinois 382 [1890]. In this case, the court held that it was not in order for â€Å"seizure pursuant to search warrant of official state documents was unlawful within appellant’s possession†. Nonetheless, it should be appreciated that the rule is limiting in various scenarios. This is compounded by the increasing complexity of the crimes. Current trends indicate that the frequency and complexity of crimes has increased significantly therefore, requiring the police to have a search warrant in all scenarios can limit effective recovery of critical evidence. Moreover, failing to use reasonable and necessary force in certain instance can inhibit evidence recovery efforts by the police. In light of the preceding limitations, the exclusionary rule is not necessary. According to Lynch (2000), the legality of the exclusionary rule is uncertain. This is because it is neither underscored in the national constitution nor evaluated at length in the Framers’ writings. At this point, it should be appreciated that the above-mentioned documents are the founding documents of the American legal sphere. Generally,

Policy Brief Addressing The Issue Of Offender Recidivism Essay

Policy Brief Addressing The Issue Of Offender Recidivism - Essay Example It has been noted that there is a widespread inequality in the treatment of people in various institutions including the courts. There are allegations and reports that the minorities are being treated more strictly by court officials than the whites. They tend to receive harsher treatment for their crimes, are believed to be more predisposed to crimes and are likely to re-offend, especially the youths. Bridges and Steen (1998) explain that the perceptions of court officials towards the various categories of youths based on racial backgrounds influence their assessment of these youths. This impairs their ability to correctly assess the dangerousness of these youths.Although there is high rate of recidivism among the racial minorities especially the blacks, it should also be noted that it has turned into a stereotype. This can foster unequal treatment of white and minority offenders in dealing with criminal and juvenile cases and the administration of justice. Consequently, it can trig ger high offense and re-offense rates among the blacks as a reaction to the unfair perception given to them and the racial unfairness they witness in courts. It also opens a loop for recidivism by white offenders since they are not likely to receive a harsh treatment for their crimes. Drug offense is the main cause of rise in prison population in the United States. The percentage of people imprisoned for drug offenses has also risen dramatically and a high population of re-offenders is drug offenders. Spohn and Holleran (2002) state that people will keep way from crimes if they are sure to receive a severe penalty and immediately they commit the crime. People also commit crimes if the benefits obtained from them are higher than the costs. The state therefore needs prescribe tough disciplinary measures for drug offenders such as long prison sentences to deter the present and prospective drug offenders. This will make the cost of offending to be higher than the benefits received from the crime. The state should also remove fines levied on drug offenders because they could pay the fine from proceeds from the same crimes Administration of tough legal measures in based on severity of crime and past criminal record If people who find their way back to the prison for a second time receive a harsher punishment than first time offenders of the same crime, more offenders will be discouraged from reoffending. When administering the harsher punishment, considerations should not be

Industrial revoloution Essay Example for Free

Industrial revoloution Essay How bad were the living conditions for the poor in the newly industrialised towns and cities of the 1840s In the 1840s, there was a lot of pollution, and there was little regulation of what was put into the river or the air. The houses for 1840s workers were built very poorly. They were usually made by the factory owners at minimum cost. They were made either one brick, or half a brick thick, and only consisted of one room. There were no indoor lavatories, therefore the workers were left with only two ways to go to the toilet. The first way was to walk up the road and use the toilets at either end of the blocks. Once there they would deposit their body waste into the cess pool via a wooden bench. Flies lived on the walls of the cess pool. They were nourished by the molecules of excretion in the air. There toilets would be shared by as many as 160 people, sometimes more. The cess pool would empty itself into the river, but sometimes market gardeners who would go down into the cess pit to use the filth inside as fertiliser for their garden. Occasionally, young children would drop into the cess pit, never to be seen again. The second way of going to the toilet was to simply do it out of a window. The body waste which was left on the streets was called night mud. Sometimes when it rained, the night mud would slip underneath your door and end up in your house. Sometimes the night mud would be placed in your house on purpose by people being malicious. People did not have the type of water supply we have today. They did not have instant running water in their houses, instead they had to collect their water from standpipes in the street. These standpipes had clean water which could be pumped out, as it wasnt safe to drink from the river, but water only came to a street, via these standpipes, every other day. Yet, there were also water seller who would sell bottles of supposedly, clean water, although no one ever found out where the water came from. People in the 1840s were afraid to leave their houses for an extended period  of time. The reason for this is that as soon as you leave you house for over a day, it would be used as a toilet. This meant that people who got new jobs in factories would have to clean out there new houses of all of the muck left there by their fellow workers. In the 1840s, living conditions were much worse than nowadays, due to the lack of both appropriate sanitary provisions and constant running water, but people of 1840s would have found those conditions normal. What we think of as clean would have probably been considered impossible in those days.